AQAAQA PhysicsApprovedA LEVEL2nd EditionYEAR 1AND ASJim BreithauptOXFORDAQA PhysicsApprovedA LEVEL2nd EditionYEAR 1AND ASJim BreithauptOXFORDOXFORDUNIVERSITY PRESSGreat Clarendon Street,Oxford,OX2 6DP.United KingdomOxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research,scholarship,and education by publishing worldwide.Oxford is aregistered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and incertain other countries©Jim Breithaupt2015The moral rights of the authors have been assertedFirst published in 2015All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any form or by anymeans,without the prior permission in writing of Oxford UniversityPress,or as expressly permitted by law,by licence or under terms agreedwith the appropriate reprographics rights organization.Enquiriesconcerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sentto the Rights Department,Oxford University Press,at the address above.You must not circulate this work in any other form and you mustimpose this same condition on any acquirerBritish Library Cataloguing in Publication DataData available978-0-1983518631098765Paper used in the production of this book is a natural,recyclableproduct made from wood grown in sustainable forests.The manufacturing process conforms to the environmental regulationsof the country of origin.Printed in China by Golden Cup Printing Co Ltd.Approval message from AQAThe core content of this digital textbook has been approved by AOA for use withour qualification.This means that we have checked that it broadly covers thespecification and that we are satisfied with the overall quality.We have alsoapproved the printed version of this book.We do not however check or approveany links or any functionality.Full details of our approval process can be foundon our website.We approve print and digital textbooks because we know how important it isfor teachers and students to have the right resources to support their teachingand learning.However,the publisher is ultimately responsible for the editorialcontrol and quality of this digital book.Please note that when teaching the AOA AS or A-Level Physics course,you mustrefer to AQA's specification as your definitive source of information.While thisdigital book has been written to match the specification,it does not providecomplete coverage of every aspect of the course.A wide range of other useful resources can be found on the relevant subjectpages of our website:www.aqa.org.uk.