Published forOXFORD INTERNATIONALAQA EXAMINATIONSInternational GCSECHEMISTRYLawrie RyanPatrick FullickEditor:Lawrie RyanOXFORDPublished forOXFORD INTERNATIONALAQA EXAMINATIONSInternational GCSECHEMISTRYLawrie RyanPatrick FullickOXFORDEditor:Lawrie RyanUNIVERSITY PRESSOXFORDAcknowledgementsThe publishers would like to thank the following for permissions toUNIVERSITY PRESSGreat Clarendon Street,Oxford,OX2 6DP.United Kingdomp7:sciencephotos/Alamy:p10:luismmolina/iStockphoto:p15:Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.Martyn F.ChillmaidScience Photo Library;p24:Leonard Lee RueIt furthers the University's objective of excellence in research,Science Photo Library:p25:Dirk Wiersma/Science Photo Library:scholarship,and education by publishing worldwide.Oxford is ap26:Martyn F.Chillmaid:p32:Olga D.van de Veer Fotolia.com;registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and inp34:Bloomberg via Getty Images;p35t:Joe Gough/Fotolia.com;certain other countriesp35m:iStockphoto;p35b:Pascal Goetgheluck/Science PhotoLibrary:p36t:Timothy A.Clary/Getty Images:p36b:berekin/iStockLawrie Ryan and Patrick Fullick 2016photo;p37t:Laguna Design/Science Photo Library:p37b:Pasieka/The moral rights of the authors have been assertedScience Photo Library:p42:Martyn F.Chillmaid /Science PhotoLibrary:p43:Martyn F.Chillmaid:p45:Dirk Wiersma/Science PhotoFirst published in 2016Library:p521:RosalreneBetancourt 1/Alamy Stock Photo:p52rp53r:iStockphoto:p531:michellepix/fotolia.com:p54:Luis Veiga/All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced.Getty Images;p55t:Ton Kinsbergen/Science Photo Library:p55m:stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any form or by anymeans,without the prior permission in writing of Oxford UniversityiStockphoto:p60t:Peter Arnold Images/PhotolibraryGetty Images;Press,or as expressly permitted by law,by licence or under termsp60b:DYK/iStockphoto:p61:Andrew Lambert Photography/agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization.Science Photo Library:p64-p72t:iStockphoto p72b:aberenyi/Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the abovefotolia.com;p78:Martyn F.Chillmaid;p84t:David Taylor/Scienceshould be sent to the Rights Department.Oxford University Press.Photo Library:p84b&p86:Andrew Lambert Photography/Scienceat the address above.Photo Library:p87:Charles D.Winters/Science Photo Library:p90t:Andrew Lambert Photography Science Photo Library;p90b:MartynYou must not circulate this work in any other form and you mustF.Chillmaid/Science Photo Library:p94:Adrian Sherratt/Alamy:p95:impose this same condition on any acquireriStockphoto:p118t:Michelle Lester/Fotolia.com:p118b:iStockphoto:p120t:Photolibrary Getty Images;p120b:iStockphoto:p121:British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataPhil Degginger/AlamyStock Photo:p122:Cordelia Molloy/ScienceData availablePhoto Library:p1241:Dr Keith Wheeler/Science Photo Library:978-0-198375890p124r:Sheila Terry/Science Photo Library:p128:Andrew LambertPhotography/Science Photo Library:p129:Sciencephotos/Alamy:10987654321p134:ICI:p136:Maximilian Stock Ltd/Science Photo Library:p142t:Paper used in the production of this book is a natural,recyclableNina Ryan:p142b:iStockphoto:p143:Photolibrary/Getty Images;product made from wood grown in sustainable forests.p144:Martyn F.Chillmaid;p145:FuseGetty Images;p146:Martyn F.The manufacturing process conforms to the environmentalChillmaid/Science Photo Library:p147:Andrew Lambert Photographyregulations of the country of origin.Images:p165:iStockphoto:p166:John Millar/Getty Images:p167:Printed in United KingdomPhotolibrary/Getty Images;p168:USDA:p169:Bloomberg/GettyImages:p172:Paul Rapson/Science Photo Library:p174t:CordeliaMolloy/Science Photo Library:p174b:Charles D.Winters/SciencePhoto Library:p176:fotomatrix Fotolia.com;p177:InnershadowsFotolia.com:p178:Image Source/Alamy:p180:iStockphoto:p181:AP Photo Josh Reynolds:p185:Martyn F.Chillmaid Science PhotoLibrary:p186:OUP:p187:Andrew Lambert Photography/SciencePhoto Library:p188:Craig Lovell/Agstockusa/Science Photo Library:Cover:ALFRED PASIEKA/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARYAlthough we have made every effort to trace and contact all copyrightholders before publication this has not been possible in all cases.If notified,the publisher will rectify any errors or omissions at theearliest opportunityLinks to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith andfor information only.Oxford disclaims any responsibility forthe materials contained in any third party website referenced inthis work.With special thanks to Mike Yates for his advice and guidance,andEmma Gadsden for her editing and management of the project.