Published forOXFORD INTERNATIONALAQA EXAMINATIONSInternational GCSEPHYSICSJim BreithauptEditor:Lawrie RyanOXFORDPublished forOXFORD INTERNATIONALAQA EXAMINATIONSInternational GCSEPHYSICSJim BreithauptOXFORDEditor:Lawrie RyanUNIVERSITY PRESSOXFORDAcknowledgementsThe publishers would like to thank the following for permissions toUNIVERSITY PRESSuse their photographs:Great Clarendon Street,Oxford,OX2 6DP,United KingdomCover:DAVID PARKER/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARYOxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxfordp6:Topfoto:P8:Martyn F.Chillmaid/Science Photo Library:p9:It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research,Nasa/Science Photo Library:p14:Keith Kent/Science Photo Library;scholarship,and education by publishing worldwide.Oxford is ap15:Martyn Chillmaid;p16:iStockphoto;p18t:Data Harvest;registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and inp18b:Martyn Chillmaid;p23:Rob Melnychuk/Getty Images;p25:certain other countriesiStockphoto:p27:Shutterstock:p30:Getty Images;p33:AFP/GettyJim Breithaupt 2016Images;p34:Copyright 2010 photolibrary.com:p36t:Fstop/GettyImages;p36b:iStockphoto;p401:Getty Images;p40r:AFP/GettyThe moral rights of the authors have been assertedImages;p46:cscredon/iStockphoto;p47t:Optare plc;p50t:ZoranKolundzija/iStockphoto:p50b:AFP/Getty Images:p52:Getty Images;First published in 2016p53:AFP/Getty Images;p56:Fotolia;p57-p60r:iStockphoto;p60l:All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced.Shutterstock;p66:Science Photo Library:p68 p69t:Shutterstock:stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any form or by anyp69b:Science Photo Library:p70:Shutterstock:p73&p76:means,without the prior permission in writing of Oxford Universityistockphoto;p82t:NASA/ESA/STSCI/Hubble Heritage Team/SciencePress,or as expressly permitted by law,by licence or under termsPhoto Library:p82b-p9ob:iStockphoto:p92:Mauro Fermarielloagreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organisation.Science Photo Library:p93t:Image100:p93b:Martyn F.ChillmaidEnquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the aboveScience Photo Library:p94t:czardases/iStockphoto;p94b:emmy-should be sent to the Rights Department,Oxford University Press,images/iStockphoto;p98:Fotolia:p100:Photolibrary/Imagebrokerat the address above.net:p102:iStockphoto:p106:Photolibrary:p107:Shout/Rex Features;p109:Pasieka/Science Photo Library;p109:DYK iStockphoto;p110:You must not circulate this work in any other form and you mustGIPhotostock/Science Photo Library:p113:David M.Martin,MD/Scienceimpose this same condition on any acquirerPhoto Library:p117:AlexTyum/Fotolia;p122:Ian Hooton/SciencePhoto Library;p123:Adam Gault/Science Photo Library;p126:CharlesBritish Library Cataloguing in Publication DataD.Winters/Science Photo Library:p129:G&D Images/Alamy;p131:Data availableBrian Stevenson/Getty Images;p136:Fotolia;p137:Gary Ombler/Getty978-0-19-837590-6Images;p138:iStockphoto;p140:Spohn Matthieu/Getty Images;p141iStockphoto;p142:Ted Kinsman/Getty Images;p143t:Tony Craddock10987654321Science Photo Library:p143b:Photolibrary/Tsuneo Nakamura:p144:AP/PA Photos;p146tl:Cordelia Molloy/Science Photo Library:p146trPaper used in the production of this book is a natural,recyclablep1461:iStockphoto;p147(a b):Fotolia;p147:iStockphoto;p148:product made from wood grown in sustainable forests.David Taylor/Science Photo Library:p149:Mark Burnett/Science PhotoThe manufacturing process conforms to the environmentalLibrary:p150:ESQ2;p152:SSPL/Science Museum/Getty Images;p159a:regulations of the country of origin.Martyn F.Chillmaid/Science Photo Library;p168t:Peter ZijlstraPrinted in United KingdomiStockphoto:p168b:Cordelia Molloy/Science Photo Library:p174:Boissonnet/Science Photo Library:p177r:Science Photo Library:p180:ImageBroker.net/Photolibrary:p187 p188:iStockphoto:p189:ia_64/Fotolia.com:p190:SSPL/Science Museum/Getty Images:p191:CordeliaMolloy/Science Photo Library:p194:Jim Breithaupt;p195:iStockphotop200:Popperfoto/Getty Images;p211:PascalR/Fotolia.com;p212:SSPLScience Museum/Getty Images;p215:Copyright 2010 photolibrary.com;p216 p217:Getty Images:p222:Shutterstock:p223:Science PhotoLibrary:p225:Shutterstock;p226 p228:Science Photo Library.Although we have made every effort to trace and contact allcopyright holders before publication this has not been possible in allcases.If notified,the publisher will rectify any errors or omissions atthe earliest opportunity.Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faithand for information only.Oxford disclaims any responsibility forthe materials contained in any third party website referenced inthis work.