25YEARSEndorsed for full syllabus coverageCambridgeEconomicsSecond editionPaul HoangMargaret DucieDHODDERDYNAMICEDUCATIONCambridgeEconomicsSecond editionPaul HoangMargaret DucieHODDERDDYNAMICEDUCATIONAN HACHETTE UK COMPANYThe authors would like to dedicate this book to their children:Salvador,Gino and Isidora BoonJake and Luke HoangThe authors would like to thank their spouses,Derek Boon and Kin Hoang.for their patience,understanding and support.The questions,exam ple answers,marks awarded and/or comments that appear in this book were written by theauthors.In examination,the way marks would be awarded to answers like these may be different.Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders,but if any have been inadvertently overlooked,thePublishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.Although every effort has been made to ensure that website addresses are correct at time of going to press,HodderEducation cannot be held responsible for the content of any website mentioned in this book.It is sometimes possibleto find a relocated web page by typing the address of the home page for a website in the URL window of yourbrowser.Hachette UK's policy is to use papers that are natural,renewable and recyclable products and made from wood grownin sustainable forests.The logging and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmentalregulations of the country of origin.Orders:please contact Bookpoint Ltd,130 Park Drive,Milton Park,Abingdon,Oxon 0X14 4SE.Telephone:(44)01235 827720.Fax:(44)01235 400401.Email education@bookpoint co.uk Lines are open from 9 a.m.to 5 p.m.,Monday to Saturday,with a 24-hour message answering service.You can also order through our website:www.hoddereducation.comISB:9781510421271IGCSE is a registered trademarkPaul Hoang and Margaret Ducie 2018First published in 2013 byHodder Education,An Hachette UK CompanyCarmelite House50 Victoria EmbankmentLondon EC4Y ODZThis second edition published 2018Impression number 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1Year20222021202020192018All rights reserved.Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law,no part of this publication may bereproduced or transmitted in any form or by ary means,electronic or mechanical,including photocopying andrecording,or held within any information storage and retrieval system,without permission in writing from thepublisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited.Further details of such licences (forreprographic reproduction)may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited,www.da.co.ukCover photo Shutterstock/JianghaistudioTypeset in IndiaPrinted in SloveniaA catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.MIXPaper fromFSCFSCC104740