ZNOTES.ORGUPDATED TO 2019-21 SYLLABUSCAIE A2 LEVELSUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE PRACTICAL SYLLABUSCAIE A2 LEVEL BIOLOGY (9700)StatisticsCriteriaFormulae Interpretation1.Data Analysis2 sets ofx2-testdiscrete/nominaldata1)21.1.Measures of Central Tendency,null andLocation Dispersionalternateh1=X2>hypothesis→X25It can be divided into 4 quarters by 3 quartiles(+relationreadings)Interquartile range is spread between upper and lowerquartile.2 sets ofSpearman's0:no relation(-7discrete/ordinal.Standard deviation (s)=1/rank6-∑D\n 1:truenormal data (10-correlationn3-nrelationStandard deviation is spread of data around mean.Data30 readings)with a narrow spread is more reliable than that with aSimpson'sD=1-0:not diversewider spread.index ofPopulation dataStandard error (sm)=diversitydiverseStandard error measures the reliability (of the estimate)Mark-release-n=n=totalof a mean.The larger the standard error the less reliablePopulation datacaptureConfidence limits are the ranges/intervals in which then(marked)populationtrue value of the mean lies with 95%probability.95%confidence intervals(represented graphically by error2.Common Investigationsbars)lie within 2 standard deviations/errors of the mean.1.2.Statistical Tests Calculation2.1.To investigate the effects of saltsolution of different concentration on.Statistically significant:it is an idea that the (observed)results are caused by an outsidepotato stripsfactor (not due to chance)..P<0.05:it is an idea that 0.05 means that there is lessMake at least 5 new salt solutions (of 5 differentthan 5%chance of obtaining the (observed)results byconcentrations)by diluting(serial or simples)the stockchance.salt solution·Bar chart showsKeep volume of all the solution samediscontinuous/discrete/qualitative/categoric data.Measure volume using graduatedChi square test is used for data which ispipette/burette/measuring cylindercategoric/discrete.Repeat experiment at least three times with each solutionand take meansets of)data are continuous and (are approximately)Use same number/size/mass of strips in each solutionnormally distributed;a scatter graph or data suggests aMeasure strips using callipers/rulerlinear correlation.5 or more paired observations areMeasure mass with electronic balancerequired to carry out this test.Use strips from the same potatoKeep strips in solution for the same amount of timeStatisticsCriteriaFormulaeInterpretationMeasure time using stopwatch2 sets of normalt=continuous2.2.To investigate the effects oft-testquantitative datany-2different concentration of enzymes on(>5 readings)null andthe activity if enzymesh=t>alternateho=t