OXFORDUNIVERSITY PRESSASPIRESUCCEEDPROGRESSinGEOGRAPHYfor Cambridge IGCSE&O LevelOxford excellence for Cambridge IGCSE&O LevelOXFORDUNIVERSITY PRESSOXFORDWe are grateful to the authors and publishers for use of extractsfrom their titles and in particular for the following:UNIVERSITY PRESSData from https://data.worldbankorg/indicator/.2018 The WorldGreat Clarendon Street,Oxford,OX2 6DP,United KingdomBank Group.All Rights Reserved.Oxford University Press is a department of the University ofData from www.homeaffairs.gov.au/about/reports-publications/Oxford.It furthers the University's objective of excellence inresearch-statistics/live-in-australia/migration-programme.research,scholarship.and education by publishing worldwide.Australian Government Department of Home Affairs.LicensedOxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in theunder a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licenceUK and in certain other countriesAlthough we have made every effort to trace and contact allDavid Kelly and Muriel Fretwellcopyright holders before publication this has not been possibleThe moral rights of the authors have been assertedin all cases.If notified,the publisher will rectify any errors oromissions at the earliest opportunity.First published in 2019IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge AssessmentAll rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced.International Education.All examination-style questions andstored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any form or byanswers within this publication have been written by the authors.any means,without the prior permission in writing of OxfordIn examination,the way marks are awarded may be different.University Press,or as expressly permitted by law.by licence orunder terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rightsorganization.Enquiries concerning reproduction outside thescope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department,Oxford University Press.at the address above.You must not circulate this work in any other form and you mustimpose this same condition on any acquirerBritish Library Cataloguing in Publication DataData available978-0-19-842793-313579108642Paper used in the production of this book is a natural,recyclableproduct made from wood grown in sustainable forests.The manufacturing process conforms to the environmentalregulations of the country of origin.Printed in India by Manipal Technologies LtdAcknowledgementsThe publisher and authors would like to thank the following forpermission to use photographs and other copyright material:Cover:biletskiy/Shutterstock;p7:OUP/Photodisc;p53:RobertGilhooly/Alamy Stock Photo:p73.78,79:Courtesy of MurielFretwell:p81(t):Hugh ThrelfallAlamy Stock Photo:p81(b):David J.Green-technology/Alamy Stock Photo;p106:Shutterstock;p154:Corbis RF/Alamy Stock Photo;p177:Vadim Sadovski/Shutterstock.Artwork by Aptara Inc,Barking Dog Art,Q2A Media Services Inc,Steve Evans,and Hart McLeod.ContentsIntroduction4Theme 1:Population and settlement1Population dynamics(1)8Population dynamics(2)12Migration184Population structure23Population density and distribution306Settlements and service provision(1)357Settlements and service provision (2)39Urban settlements439Urbanization49Theme 2:The natural environment10 Earthquakes5311 Volcanoes5712 Rivers(1)6113 Rivers(2)6614 Coasts(1)7015 Coasts(2)7416 Weather(1)8017 Weather(2)8618 Climate and natural vegetation:Equatorial climate94and tropical rainforest19Climate and natural vegetation:Hot desert100Theme 3:Economic development20 Development10721 Food production11322 Industry11923 Tourism12524 Energy13125 Water13726 Environmental risks of economic development(1)14027Environmental risks of economic development(2)146Theme 4:Geographical skills15429 Physical and human features on survey maps16030 Photographs,field sketches,data tables and graphs168Please go to www.Theme 5:Coursework skillsoxfordsecondary.com/31 Coursework:Planning investigations177esg-for-caie-igcse for:32 Coursework:Data collection184·AnswersMark schemes33 Coursework:Presentation,analysis and evaluation191·Web only examGlossary200questions and markschemesRevision planners207Contents